The largest narrow gauge Shay built. Purchased from West Side Lumber Co. In 1967 by Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad and assumed the starring role as the only steam locomotive on the old Madera Sugar Pine Company track. Type: 3 cylinder, 3 truck Shay geared C-3 70 ton class Cylinder Size: 12” dia X 15” stroke Boiler: 200 psi. The Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad is a fun-filled excursion for the entire family, located only 10 minutes from the southern entrance of Yosemite National Park off of Highway 41. The historic railroad offers train rides, gold panning, an on-site rail museum, and a fun gifts & collectibles store.
Pine (Pinus sylvestris) essential oil in a clear glass vial | |
Names | |
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Other names | |
Identifiers | |
8191505 | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | |
UNII |
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Properties | |
Mixture | |
Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow liquid |
Density | 0.95 g/cm3 at 25 °C (approximate) |
Melting point | 5 °C (41 °F; 278 K) |
Boiling point | 195 °C (383 °F; 468 K) |
Insoluble | |
log P | 1.7 |
Vapor pressure | 4 mmHg |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | 65 °C (149 °F; 338 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references |
Pine oil is an essential oil obtained by the steam distillation of stumps,[2] needles, twigs and cones[3] from a variety of species of pine, particularly Pinus sylvestris. As of 1995, synthetic pine oil was the 'biggest single turpentine derivative.'[4] Synthetic pine oils accounted for 90% of sales as of 2000.[5]
In alternative medicine, it is said to be used in aromatherapy, as a scent in bath oils or more commonly as a cleaning product, and as a lubricant in small and expensive clockwork instruments. It may also be used varyingly as a disinfectant, sanitizer, microbicide (or microbistat), virucide or insecticide.[6] It is also used as an effective herbicide where its action is to modify the waxy cuticle of plants, resulting in desiccation.[7]
Pine oil is distinguished from other products from pine, such as turpentine, the low-boiling fraction from the distillation of pine sap, and rosin, the thick tar remaining after turpentine is distilled.
Chemically, pine oil consists mainly of α-terpineol[6] and other cyclic terpenealcohols.[1] It may also contain terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, and esters. The exact composition depends on various factors, such as the variety of pine from which it is produced and the parts of the tree used.
Properties as a disinfectant[edit]
![Pine Steam Pine Steam](https://www.railpictures.net/images/d1/0/4/5/5045.1239763761.jpg)
Pine oil is a disinfectant that is mildly antiseptic.[8] It is effective against Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, the fungi Candida albicans, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Gram-negativeenteric bacteria, household germs, Gram-negative household germs such as those causing salmonellosis, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, influenza type A, influenza virus type A/Brazil, influenza virus type A2/Japan, intestinal bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, odor-causing bacteria, mold, mildew, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhosa, Serratia marcescens, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[6]
Adobe illustrator cc 2019 v23 0 1. Image crop 1 3 14. It will kill the causative agents of typhoid, gastroenteritis (some agents), rabies, cholera, several forms of meningitis, whooping cough, gonorrhea and several types of dysentery.[9] It is not effective against spore related illnesses, such as tetanus or anthrax, or against non-enveloped viruses such as poliovirus, rhinovirus, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.[9]
Froth flotation[edit]
Industrially, pine oil is used as a frother in mineral extraction from ores.[1] For example, in copper extraction pine oil is used to condition copper sulfide ores for froth flotation. Therefore, it is important in the industry for the froth flotation process. It has largely been replaced by synthetic alcohols and polyglycol ethers.
Safety[edit]
Pine oil has a relatively low human toxicity level, a low corrosion level and limited persistence; however, it irritates the skin and mucous membranes and has been known to cause breathing problems.[8][10] Large doses may cause central nervous system depression.[1]
See also[edit]
- Pine-Sol, cleaning product that originally contained pine oil, though it switched to a different active ingredient in 2013 due to the availability of pine oil
References[edit]
- ^ abcdMerck Index, 11th Edition, 7416. p. 1182
- ^Boyle, Hal (September 12, 1954). 'There's Gold in those Pine Stumps'. Sarasota Journal. p. 11.
- ^Macchioni, F.; Cioni, P. L.; Flamini, G.; Morelli, I.; Maccioni, S.; Ansaldi, M. (2003-03-01). 'Chemical composition of essential oils from needles, branches and cones of Pinus pinea, P. halepensis, P. pinaster and P. nigra from central ltaly'. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 18 (2): 139–143. doi:10.1002/ffj.1178. ISSN1099-1026.
- ^Chapter 1. Production trade and markets. Non-Wood Forest Products 2, Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 1995. ISBN978-9251036846.
- ^Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (June 15, 2000). 'Turpentines'. Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. ISBN978-3527306732.
- ^ abc'Reregistration Decision – Pine oil (case 3113)'(PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. October 2006.
- ^Coleby-Williams, Jerry (April 9, 2004). 'Fact Sheet: Organic Weed Control'. Gardening Australia. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- ^ ab'Pine Oil'. PDRhealth. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21.
- ^ abDetailed Information On Chemical DisinfectantsArchived 2011-08-21 at the Wayback Machine University of Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, accessed June 26, 2007.
- ^'Pine Oil Poisoning'. Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (June 15, 2000). 'Turpentines'. Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. ISBN978-3527306732.
- '8'. TURPENTINE FROM PINE RESIN. Non-Wood Forest Products 1, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 1995. ISBN978-92-5-103648-8. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011.
Pine Steamer
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_oil&oldid=984027429'
Steam-bending properties of southern pine
Abstract
Sugar Pine Steam Train
Southern pine wood can be successfully steam-bent if the bending jig incorporates a flexible metal bending strap together with a mechanism to apply a uniform end compression load during the bending operation. With clear, 1/2- and 1-inch-thick southern pine at 17-percent moisture content, highest bending rating where obtained with fast-grown, vertical-grain, low-density wood free of cross grain. With this optimum stock (cross grain-- as measured by the maximum angle that resin canals on either end made with face of stock--averaged 3.5o) bent to a radius of 12 times thickness, 75 percent of the 1-inch specimens and 80 percent of the 1/2-inch specimens and bending radius of 12 percent of the 1/2-inch specimens had bending ratings of 8 or above on a scale that ran from 0 (worst) to 10(best). With optimum stock bent to a radius of 12 times thickness plus 3 inches, 85 percent of the half-inch and 68 percent of the 1-inch specimens rated 9 or 10. To obtain 75-percent yield of near perfect pieces, a bending radius of about 16 times thickness was required. A steaming time of 20 minutes per inch of thickness was adequate. Placement of pith side of specimen--toward or away from concavity--had no significant effect on the bending ratings. When restraint was removed from specimens previously bent 180o over a semicircular form and dried under restraint, immediate increase in diameter averaged 0.5 inch. If then stored unrestrained in a water-saturated atmosphere, they further increased substantially in diameter (average of 2.5-inch increase after 4 weeks' exposure). If stored unrestrained in a dry atmosphere for 4 weeks, however, specimens contracted slightly (0.2 inch). Best stability was obtained with vertical-grain wood steamed 20 minutes (compared to 10 minutes) per inch of thickness. One-half-inch stock bent to a 6-inch radius was more stable than if bent to a 9-inch radius; it was also more stable than 1-inch stock bent to a 15-inch radius.